Food and Beverage in Indonesia

Exporter Guide FOOD AND BEVERAGE IN INDONESIA Market Profile February 2012 This document is one of a series of free information tools for exporters produced by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise provides a wide range of standard services and sophisticated solutions that assist businesses through every stage of the export process. For information or advice, phone New Zealand Trade and Enterprise on 0800 555 888, visit www. nzte. govt. nz, or contact your New Zealand Trade and Enterprise client manager. CONTENTS 1 MARKET STRUCTURE 1. Market Overview 1. 2 1. 3 1. 4 1. 5 1. 6 2 2 Market Drivers Market Potential Import Trends Key Players in the Market Regulatory Sustainability 3 3 6 7 7 8 9 11 12 12 12 12 13 13 14 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. 1 Market Entry Strategies 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Points of Differentiation Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Distribution Channels Pricing 3 MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS 2/ Exporter Guide | Indonesi a | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1 MARKET STRUCTURE Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous country with a population of 232. million in 2010, and the largest economy in Southeast Asia. In 2011, New Zealand’s food and beverage exports totalled US$468. 3 million, making Indonesia New Zealand’s 11th largest export destination. i In November 2011, Indonesia provided formal notification of the completion of its internal ratification procedures to enable the ASEAN – Australia – New Zealand Free Trade Agreement (AANZFTA). From 10 January 2012, AANZFTA will open up considerable opportunities for New Zealand businesses. The agreement will allow duty / tariff free access to over 90 percent of New Zealand goods and services by 2015. i 1. 1 Market Overview In 2010 and 2011, dairy and meat products comprised over 76 percent of New Zealand’s food and beverage exports to Indonesia (2010: US$363 million; 2011: US$381 million). In 2010, Indonesia ’s dairy and meat market was worth an estimated US$2 billion. The majority of the population in Indonesia, approximately 85 percent, are Muslim and all slaughtered food and meat (excluding pork) must have halal certification. iii 3/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 1. Market by product category Packaged food In 2010, Indonesia’s packaged food market was valued at US$19. 1 billion. The sale of impulse and indulgence products (i. e. chocolates) grew due to increasing affluence. Nutrition and staples (i. e. rice) grew by 31 percent in 2010. Canned / preserved food had a high growth rate of 20 percent in 2010. Indonesia: Sales of Packaged Food by Category: Value 2005-2010 in million USD 2007 Packaged Food – Total Nutrition/staples (i. e. rice) Dried Processed Food (i. e. dessert mixes, instant soup) Impulse and Indulgence Products (i. e. hocolate coated biscuits) Bakery Dairy Noodles Baby Food Confectionery Meal Solutions (i. e. toma to pastes) Sweet and Savoury Snacks Oils and Fats Sauces, Dressings and Condiments Frozen Processed Food Ice Cream Canned/Preserved Food Chilled Processed Food Spreads Meal Replacement (i. e. breakfast bars) Pasta Ready Meals (i. e. instant pasta) Snack Bars Soup 13,110 7,876 4,089 4,148 2,111 1,484 1,340 1,257 1,287 1,086 779 759 477 263 245 200 63 62 13 11 4 0. 9 3 2008 14,307 8,798 4,642 4,318 2,201 1,540 1,487 1,398 1,329 1,190 812 909 499 306 269 230 68 65 15 12 4 3 3 2009 14,817 ,167 4,909 4,404 2,238 1,596 1,526 1,496 1,360 1,244 832 845 510 327 278 251 68 66 16 13 4 3 3 2010 19,100 11,959 6,515 5,506 2,781 2,026 1,999 1,967 1,704 1,634 1,054 1,039 653 439 356 346 86 82 21 17 5 4 4 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD currency; [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4) 4/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Fresh food In 2010, the fresh food market in Indonesia had a total volume of 48. 1 million tonnes, making Indonesia t he fifth largest fresh food market in the world. During the period 20052010, demand of fresh food increased by 13 percent. v Indonesia: Fresh food market in Indonesia in million tonnes Starchy Roots Fruits Vegetables Fish and Seafood Meat Sugar and Sweeteners Eggs Nuts Pulses 2007 14,985 10,386 9,095 5,016 1,969 1,778 743 671 222 2008 15,148 10,786 9,356 5,153 2,024 1,825 761 700 224 2009 15,309 11,147 9,613 5,291 2,078 1,872 777 730 227 2010 15,455 11,489 9,868 5,432 2,138 1,914 794 762 230 2011f 15,582 11,787 10,119 5,592 2,188 1,952 808 798 234 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: 2011 forecasts) Wineiv In 2011, the Indonesian wine market was worth approximately US$32 million (RP 275. 4 billion) and retail sales totalled 3. million litres. Wine accounted for only 3 percent of total alcohol sales. Beer is considerably more popular as an alcoholic beverage. During the period 2008-2010, wine volume sales declined by 6 percent. While prices increased, the demand from Indonesian con sumers with high disposable incomes and expatriates remained and the number of wine enthusiasts in Indonesia grew. The growth was influenced by western culture and wine events such as wine tasting, wine dinners and classes. The wine market showed an increase in sales by value of 61 percent during the period 2008-2010. Indonesia: Wine Sales Off-trade Value in million USD Off-trade Volume in million litres 2006 12. 0 3. 3 2007 14. 0 3. 4 2008 15. 0 3. 4 2009 16. 0 3. 3 2010 28. 0 3. 2 2011 32. 0 3. 1 Source: Euromonitor International (NB: IDR/USD currency; [2006] 9159. 3, [2007] 9141, [2008] 9699, [2009] 10389. 9, [2010] 9090. 4, [2011] 8696. 1) 1. 1. 2 Market by distribution channel Mass grocery retail In 2011, traditional retailers, comprising small independent stores and open air markets, accounted for an estimated 77 percent of the total retail sales. vii 5/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012In the organised retail sector, Hypermarkets had the largest m arket share in 2010, with US$13. 6 billion in sales, followed by supermarkets (US$11 billion) and convenience stores / mini-markets (US$5 billion). During the period 2005-2010, supermarket sales increased by 112 percent, followed by hypermarkets (109 percent) and convenience stores / mini-markets (105 percent). Mass Grocery Retail Sector – Estimated Number of Outlets 2005 Total Convenience Stores / Mini-Markets Supermarkets Hypermarkets Source: Business Monitor International 2006 7,154 3,337 3,173 644 2007 8,530 3,953 3,830 747 2008 9,429 4,334 4,297 798 009 10,572 4,871 4,801 900 2010 11,524 5,299 5,252 973 5,912 2,758 2,652 502 1. 2 Market Drivers The following are viewed as key drivers for the food and beverage market in Indonesia: ? The food and beverage market in Indonesia grew in 2010, recovering from the worldwide recession. Purchasing power of middle and upper income consumers revived with an increase of disposable income. Political and economic conditions stabilised and the number of modern retail outlets and food service retailers grew. vi Consumers are embracing the health conscious trend seen throughout the world, as a result of exposure to health education through the media. i To meet the increasing demand of educated and health conscious consumers, the Indonesian government has taken on initiatives such as the Merauke Integrated Food and Energy Estate project. Through this US$5 billion project, the government expects to produce almost 2 million tonnes of rice, 2 million tonnes of corn, 2. 5 million tonnes of sugar, 937,000 tonnes of palm oil,167,000 tonnes of soy beans and grazing land for 64,000 cattle. vii In April 2010, taxation on wine increased significantly resulting in an increase in wine prices.Approximately 45 percent of the cost paid by consumers is tax, including sales tax (VAT), excise and import tax. v While traditional markets still account for the majority of retail sales, they face greater pressure on market share as modern retail becomes more popular. While the government tried to discourage the rapid spread of modern retail, it wasn’t successful in enforcing its legislative regulations and modern retailers increased in numbers by using fake permits in some cases. iii ? ? ? ? 6/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 3 Market PotentialThe overall food consumption is forecast to grow by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 9. 1 percent to 2015. vii Modern retail, such as hypermarkets are projected to increase in numbers as urban centres expand and demand increases for convenience and added-value products (i. e. rice and noodle ready-meals). However, most consumers in Indonesia remain price sensitive and private label will be a popular alternative as it is perceived as good value rather than cheap. vii The sale of alcoholic beverages is expected to decline with a CAGR of 2. 3 percent during 2010-2015. However, wine is forecast to grow with a CAGR of 1. percent durin g 20102015 as wine is perceived to be a healthier option than other alcoholic beverages such as beer. v Indonesia has a massive youth population of around 40. 9 million, aged between 15 and 24. This age group tends to be more westernised compared to the older population and is projected to drive demand for mass market products such as confectionary goods. vii There are opportunities for products targeted to improve the condition of specific health problems. These products include calcium fortified milk to prevent osteoporosis, dairy milk for nursing mothers, baby food and products for weight and cholesterol reduction. i 1. 4 Import Trendsvii In 2010, Indonesia imported an estimated US$8. 1 billion, a growth of 25 percent from 2009. Indonesia is relatively resilient to global trade volatility but reliant on dairy and poultry imports to meet demand. Indonesia: Food and Beverage Trade in million USD 2009 Exports Imports Balance 18,756 6,476 12,280 2010e 24,765 8,120 16,645 2011f 30,406 9,573 20,833 2012f 36,517 11,233 25,284 2013f 43,492 13,172 30,320 2014f 52,167 15,598 36,563 2015f 62,034 18,448 43,585 Source: Business Monitor International (NB: 2010 estimate; 2011-2015 forecasts) / Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 1. 5 Key Players in the Marketvii Food and beverages Nestle Indonesia had the highest market share with sales of US$23. 2 billion in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. Nestle has a market leading position in the dairy sector and in its instant noodle category, operates a 50-50 joint venture with Indofood Sukses Makmur. One of Indonesia’s key players in alcoholic beverages is Multi Bintang with 414 employees and US$209. 5 million in sales in 2010.Indonesia: Key Players in the food and beverage market Company Nestle Indonesia Indofood Sukses akmur Terbuka Unilever Indonesia PT Charoen Pokphand Indonesia Mayora Indah Tbk Sari Husada PT Malindo Feedmill Tbk PT Siantar Top Tiga Pilar Sejahtera Food Sub-sector confectioner y and dairy miscellaneous food dairy and tea meat and Fish confectionery formula and baby food miscellaneous food Snack food Snack food and instant noodles Sales (US$mn) 23,238** 4,493 2,303 1,764 845 317e 238 89 83 Yearending Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-10 2010 Dec-10 Dec-10 Dec-09 No. f employees 1,232 64,200 3,308 7,095 4,407 902 2,144 4,292 1,925 Year Established 1971 1990 1933 1972 1977 1954 na 1970 na Source: Company Investor Relations, BMI (NB: e = estimate, na = not available, **Includes Papua New Guinea) Mass Grocery Retail Hero Supermarket Tbk had the largest sales within the mass grocery retail sector with US$8. 97 billion in 2010. Hero has a broad range of store formats and offers lower value products while Carrefour, the biggest foreign retailer in Indonesia, dominates the upper end of the market. 8/Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Key Players in Indonesia’s Mass Grocery Retail Sector, 2011 Parent Company PT Hero Supermark et Tbk PT Sumber Alfaria Trijaya Tbk PT Matahari Putra Prima Tbk Country of Origin Indonesia / Hong Kong Sales, US$ mn 8,971 Financial year 2010 Brand Hero Giant StarMart Indonesia 1,645 2010 Alfamart Alfa Minimart Foodmart Hypermart Cut Price PT Carrefour Indonesia PT Makro Indonesia ** PT Ramayana Lestari Sentosa Tbk PT Indomaret Prismatama PT Lion Superindo PT Alfa Retailindo Tbk France / Indonesia Netherlands IndonesiaIndonesia Belgium / Indonesia Indonesia 1,570*** 656e 639 500e 431* 187 2010 2010 2009 2010 2010 2010 Carrefour Makro Ramayana Indomaret Super Indo Alfa Alfa Grosir Gelael Format Supermarket Hypermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Hypermarket Discount Store Hypermarket Supermarket Cash & Carry Supermarket Convenience Store Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket Supermarket No of outlets 120 38 125 4812 Indonesia 1,615 2009 25 52 9 63 16 20 104 5,174 74 35 8 11Source: Company Investor Relations, BMI (NB: e = estimate,*Based on Delhaize Group R est of World Sales,** South Korea’s Lotte acquired Makro in October 2008,***Based on Carrefour’sIndonesia sales. ?Includes franchised, independent stores) 1. 6 Regulatory Information provided in this section is for reference only. When negotiating supply contracts and before beginning actual export, companies are advised to consult closely with their importer or distributor. Duties and tariffs Under AANZFTA there will be tariff free access to more than 90 percent of New Zealand goods by 2015, and the majority of these are food and beverage products. / Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 Alcoholic beverages in Indonesia including wine are strictly regulated due to the Muslim Law. Wines are subject to 10 percent value added tax (VAT), import tax of 150 percent and income tax of 25 percent. Category A B C Classification Alcoholic beverage with 1-5 percent ethanol content Alcoholic beverage with 5-20 percent ethanol content Alcoholic beverage wit h 20-55 percent ethanol content Import duty USD 1. 57 / litre IDR 14,000 / litre USD 6. 18 / litre IDR 55,000 / litre USD 14. 0 / litre IDR 125,000 / litre Excise Tax USD 1. 25 / litre IDR 11,000 / litre USD 4. 5 / litre IDR 40,000 / litre USD 14. 61 / litre IDR130,000 / litre For more information, visit the Directorate General of Customs & Excise at www. beacukai. go. id or the AANZFTA at www. asean. fta. govt. nz. Licensing and registration requirements Prior to importation of food, companies must follow a registration process which involves a fee of Rp 150,000-3,000,000 (approximately NZ$17-345). The documents needed to register include: ? ? ? ? ? letter that guarantees safety, quality, nutrition and labelling an authorisation letter from the manufacturer health certificate or certificate of free sale issued by authorised deputy from country of origin an audit report of distribution facilities from NADFC (National Agency of Drugs and Food Control) provincial office. copy of regis tration approval letter from the NZ company’s importer For more information on licensing and registration, visit National Agency of Drug and Food Control at www. pom. go. id Labelling requirements All imported food and beverages need to be labelled in Indonesian language and must contain: ? ? ? brand name name of product (type of food) list of ingredients net weight or net content or drained weight (if applicable) 10/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 ? ? ? name and address of parties that produce or import the products into Indonesia registration number date, month and year of minimum durability For more information on labelling, visit the National Agency of Drug and Food Control at www. pom. go. id. Quotas New Zealand wine exports are subject to Indonesia’s import quotas. The Indonesian government increased the import quota for wine to 225,000 cases in 2009, from 80,000 cases in 2008.The number of cases of wine imported in 2008 and 2009 w ere 77,485 and 191,953 cases respectively. Error! Bookmark not defined. Indonesia has also recently imposed beef quotas which are being reviewed regularly. Halal Halal certification in Indonesia is required for all food derived from animal products, and recommended for companies whose products are targeting the mass retail market. Exporters are advised to check this closely with their importers or distributors in Indonesia. The Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) is recognised by the Indonesian Ulama Council (MUI) for certifying products in New Zealand.They can be contacted at [email  protected] co. nz. For more information on the overseas market access requirements (including halal requirements), visit the New Zealand Food Safety Authority at www. foodsafety. govt. nz For more information on halal, visit the MUI at www. halalmui. org 1. 7 Sustainabilityviii The Indonesian Government encourages companies to use sustainable packaging and recyclable materials t hrough tax incentives and an awards system. The government plans to boost the environmentally friendly packaging through Industrial Regulations in Indonesia (RUU Perindustrian).Alternatives to plastic packaging such as vegetable material or bio-plastic packaging have been welcomed by the market. Bio-plastic is made from biotic materials (i. e. corn, cassava or micro-biota) and the material is easier to decompose. A national water company, PT Aqua Golden Mississippi, is currently developing a water bottle from vegetable material. The Indonesian Nanotechnology Society is researching a thinner plastic bottle which can be decomposed in 4 to 8 weeks. 11/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2 MARKET ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT 2. Market Entry Strategies Indonesia is a price sensitive market, but with the growth of the new generation of middle and high income consumers, the quality of products is of greater importance. Branded and high quality food and beverage product s are in demand. The middle high income segment is paying more attention to healthy products as the new generation becomes more health conscious. Indonesian consumers prefer internationally well-known brands and imported products, particularly for their children. In 2010, the government approved a number of import licences for alcoholic beverages.There were previously only 2 companies with import licences but now more than 20 companies have secured a licence. To acquire an import licence, a company needs to have at least 20 brands in its portfolio. It is recommended that New Zealand food and beverage products focus on Jakarta (with a population of 9. 6 million), Surabaya (4 million) and Bali (4 million). Jakarta and Surabaya are big markets in their own right but are also distribution hubs to the east and western parts of Indonesia. Bali is a popular tourism destination and there is a demand for quality products from hotels and restaurants. . 2 Points of Differentiation New Zealand is known in Indonesia as a producer of fresh, clean, high quality and healthy products. However, the market holds little knowledge about the range of products New Zealand sells. New Zealand companies need to continuously promote the overall New Zealand image for the benefit of their products. 2. 3 Long Term Strategic Issues for Exporters to Consider Recently a number of new regulations were introduced, which are aimed at protecting local producers of horticultural, agricultural and dairy products.Political issues and corruption are still a major issue in doing business in Indonesia. All imported food and beverage products must be registered by Indonesia’s National Agency for Food and Drugs Control (BPOM). New Zealand food and beverage exporters are advised to check with their Indonesian customers or partners what the exact process is. The specified time limit for BPOM to issue registration is 45 working days, but in the past it has taken 6-12 months. 12/ Exporter Guide | Indo nesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2. 4 Distribution ChannelsThe best market penetration strategy is to appoint a local importer who has an established network across Indonesia. This will enable New Zealand businesses to access the retail market and also the HORECA (hotel, restaurant and catering) markets. Importers will undertake the product registration on behalf of New Zealand companies. New Zealand companies must provide the necessary documentation including a letter of appointment for the Indonesian importer. 2. 5 Pricing New Zealand products face stiff competition from other imported products, particularly products from Asian countries.With the right pricing and product positioning strategies, Indonesian consumers are willing to pay for premium products. Mark-ups for imported products will include: ? ? ? import agent fees custom duties value added tax (VAT) of 5-10 percent 13/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012 2 MARKET RESOURCES AND CONTACTS ASSOCIATIONS /ORGANISATION ASEAN New Zealand Combined Business Council Halal Indonesia The Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (FIANZ) WEBLINK www. asean. org. nz www. halalindonesia. org/ www. fianz. co. nz/index. php Indonesia National Agency of Drug and Food Control www. om. go. id ASEAN Australia New Zealand Free Trade Agreement Guide Ministry of Health Republic of Indonesia Directorate General of Customs & Excise TRADE EVENTS InterFood Indonesia Fish and Seafood Indonesia Agri Indo Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival OTHER NZTE PUBLICATIONS Indonesia Country Brief Wine Market in Southeast Asia Food and beverage in the hotel, restaurant and institutions market in Southeast Asia www. asean. fta. govt. nz www. depkes. go. id/en/ www. beacukai. go. id WEBLINK www. interfood-indonesia. com www. fisheryandseafoodexpo. com www. agri-indo. com www. jfff. info WEBLINK www. nzte. ovt. nz www. nzte. govt. nz /www. nzte. govt. nz Disclaimer: This publication is provided to you a s a free service and is intended to flag to you market opportunities and possibilities. Use of and reliance on the information/products/technology/concepts discussed in this publication, and the suitability of these for your business is entirely at your own risk. You are advised to carry out your own independent assessment of this opportunity. The information in this publication is general; it was prepared by New Zealand Trade and Enterprise (NZTE) from publicly available and/or subscription database sources.NZTE; its officers, employees and agents accept no liability for any errors or omissions or any opinion/s expressed, and no responsibility is accepted with respect to the standing of any firm/s, company/ies or individual/s mentioned. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise is not responsible for any adverse consequences arising out of such use. You release New Zealand Trade and Enterprise from all claims arising from this publication. New Zealand Trade and Enterprise reserves the right to reuse any general market information contained in its reports. i ii iii iv v vi vii viii Euromonitor International, 26 August 2011.Indonesia: Country Profile APNZ, 15 November 2011. Indonesia to join regional FTA. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from www. nzherald. co. nz Euromonitor International, 9 August 2011. Consumer Food Service in Indonesia. Euromonitor International, 2011. Market sizes, Indonesia Euromonitor International, February 2011. Alcoholic Drinks – Indonesia Euromonitor International, November 2010. Packaged food – Indonesia Business Monitor International, August 2011. Indonesia Food & Drink Report Q4 2011. Euromonitor International, April 2011. Packaging – Indonesia 14/ Exporter Guide | Indonesia | Food and Beverage | February 2012

Graffiti Art Essay

In the late 1960s’s, another art genre was recognized and developed although its lack of form and other basic aesthetic elements has been once a topic of debates as regard its acceptance in the artistic world. Obviously, it differs from the works of art found in museums and galleries and its kind are not found in those elite locations because its location is specific. The location of graffiti art has been actually a subject of oppositions as well as its bold, unexpected and unconventional presentation. Although still, its location, may it be illegal, does not disqualify it as art. Thus, graffiti art is a form of art despite criticisms on its legality, coherence and presentation. It is also argued that graffiti art is a form of vandalism, but this is true only if they appeared on private or public property without permission. Graffiti art is indeed another genre of visual masterpiece. Graffiti comes from â€Å"grafficar†, an Italian word for drawings, markings, patterns, scribbles, or messages that are painted, written, or carved on a wall or surface. Graffiti is the plural of grafficar. Grafficar also signifies a process meaning â€Å"to scratch†. Examples of which are different wall writings ranging from â€Å"cave paintings†, bathroom scribbles, or any message that is scratched on walls. In the ancient Egypt and Rome, in particular, graffiti has been visible in monuments and building walls which are now being explored. It is originally used to term inscriptions, figure drawings, and other carvings found on the walls of ancient sepulchers or ruins. Examples are the Catacombs, or those found at Pompeii. (Whitford, 1992. pp. 137) In the modern era, present day graffiti is also associated to any unsolicited markings on a private or public property, usually considered to be vandalism. In the early 1970s young New Yorkers has started to adopt tags, signatures and signs using aerosol sprays and markers in public places. The youngsters, belonging to the black and Puerto Rican communities have initiated the tagging which eventually developed and soon covered the city’s walls, buses and obviously in subway trains. Tags even cover the entire train. Some may contain screen names or reflections of the writer, comes in subtle and often cryptic messages. Taki, an artist of Greek-American descent, was the first modern identified tagger in New York. He signed himself Taki 183, the number probably derived from the number in his apartment block. Some names also made their appearances in some real urban murals painted with spray-paint. Tags such as Futura 2000, Dust and Pink gained fame and recognition in the world of hip-hops. There were also Basquiat and Haring who also started to work in the street and the subway but their works swiftly spread beyond the works of graffiti. Their works attracted the attention of influential dealers which put them in great demand although their works were considered one of the rare forms of graffiti art. (Graffiti†¦ 2007, p. 1) Tagging and graffiti differs from each other although arguments about this difference still arise. Tagging is associated negatively as gang-motivated and illegal because it is usually meant as vandalism. It is also viewed as too vulgar or controversial to have public value. On the other hand, graffiti can be viewed as creative expression, not to mention its usual link to politics. Main Types of Graffiti Art The main types of graffiti fall into different categories and have their own names which are recognized in cities all over the world. First is â€Å"Hip Hop Graffiti†. This is characterized by ‘pieces’ which hip hop graffitists create by aerosol spray paints. They are large and colorful works, usually including either a complex mix of letters or a cartoon-style picture. This type of graffiti often lacks much thought and planning in design and usually takes an extended period of time. Second is the â€Å"Opportunistic Graffiti† which location is selected impulsively, on the basis of low risk and low natural surveillance. Graffitists of this type usually use â€Å"tags† or â€Å"scrawling† to mark their territory. Third type is the â€Å"Gang Graffiti†. Gang graffiti is not art work but a sophisticated communication to publicize gang power, status, and territory. This type is somehow related to opportunistic graffitists because they also use â€Å"tags† or â€Å"scrawling† to mark territory. But in addition to this, gangs use graffiti to create notoriety or show off their defiance of the law and society, and as a mode of marking their presence. The fourth, the â€Å"Political & Social Graffiti† is obviously of racial or political motivation. This is uncommonly regarded as part of the graffiti subculture, although it is recognized as damaging to property. The last type is the â€Å"Commercial Graffiti† which is an emerging civic problem. This involves huge compensations paid by private organizations to graffitists to spray advertising logos onto walkways and buildings for promotions of their products. This type is an illegal form of advertising that avoids normal planning laws. (Stowers 1997, pp. 1-2) Gang Graffiti: The Most Dangerous Graffiti The gang graffiti is the most controversial not just because of the characters of its writings but because of its social impact in the neighborhood. Gang graffiti is an indication of gang presence in the community. Gangs use graffiti as their â€Å"newspapers,† thus they usually call it â€Å"newspaper in the wall† as gangs use them to send messages. This is their way of marking boundaries and warning rival gangs. Graffiti may also be an instrument to advertise drug market or, as a memorial to a killed gang member. Symbols and cryptic writing style is exclusive in each gang. Death warrants and beat downs are known to be posted in graffiti. Upside down or crossed out graffiti generally means a put down or threat to a rival gang or person. (Bland and Read 2000) According to Michael Carlie (2002), graffiti is the most common method of gang communication and a major symbolism of their gang affiliation. Jonathan Kellerman (1994) as cited by Carlie referred to graffiti as â€Å"the hieroglyphics of rage† because of the violence associated with it. On the surface, a person who is not familiar with it might think of graffiti as a simple nonsense painting on the wall or in poles or elsewhere, or just a plain vandal. Carlie adds that among other things, graffiti communicates the â€Å"role call† or the roster of gang members, or the hierarchy of gang members. It also implies who’s around, who’s with who, who’s disrespecting who, which gangs are claiming what territory and which areas are in dispute. It may be an announcement of current gang activities and who’s getting ready to attack who, or who’s already been killed. A familiar language, for example, is the â€Å"X† which if marked on a member’s name means he is the likely target for an attack or murder. (Carlie 2002, pp. 2) An important not on gang graffiti is, in many ways, it is a code and codes in general are subjects to analysis. Deciphering gang graffiti requires the understanding of the symbols, abbreviations, structure, that composes the gang language. In the United States, gang graffiti is usually based on two dominant styles – the L. A. and Chicago styles – which vary greatly and influence to some degree across the country. Some gangs use an exclusive style while others use a combination. For example, the Gangster Disciples originated in south-side of Chicago might combine L. A. style gang lettering with Chicago Folks Nation symbols. In New York, Latin Kings might use Chicago Latin King symbols but with New York tagger style graffiti lettering. (Graffiti†¦ 2010) These styles and some of the variations are seen throughout the country and a person who understands both styles is more likely to understand most, if not all, gang graffiti. Characters of gang related graffiti has sharp, angular stick letters, or mostly contains religious, even â€Å"satanic† imagery, or is done in one color of paint. Most of the times they are very simple and flat-out which make them easy to figure out. But no matter how simple they appear, it still requires some basic code-breaking skills. (Deciphering Gang†¦2010. p. 1) Figure 1: â€Å"WS 18 St, HGS† – West Side Eighteenth Street (gang), Hoover Gangsters (a clique of 18th Street) Two-digit numbers, especially â€Å"13? , â€Å"14? , or â€Å"18? , signifies graffiti for a hispanic gang while three digits, especially if they are the area code of your neighborhood, it’s almost certainly not a hispanic gang, but a typical prison or street sort. Exception to this is numbers followed by â€Å"K† which means a threat from a rival gang. â€Å"WS18? (figure 1) is a tag for the (hispanic) West Side 18th Street gang out of California. â€Å"WS18K† means a threat towards 18th Street by a local gang. Note that â€Å"K† is short for â€Å"Kill†. If there are two digits, see if they’re prefixed by â€Å"N†, â€Å"S†, â€Å"E†, or â€Å"W† – (or â€Å"NS†, â€Å"SS†, â€Å"ES†, or â€Å"WS†) – which relate to the cardinal directions, and form part of the gang’s identity. Hispanic gangs more often use 13 and 14 – the 13th letter of the alphabet is â€Å"M†, which generally stands for â€Å"Mexico† or â€Å"La Eme†, the Mexican Mafia and the 14th letter â€Å"N† generally means â€Å"North† that symbolizes which end of California the gang originated from. It is a division as gangstas from the north and south parts of California frequently clash. Figure 2: â€Å"Lil Capone WS VSLC, crossed out BK, Crossed out PBGK† – Lil Capone (name of gang member) West Side Venice Shoreline Crips, Blood Killer, Playboy Gangster Killer (disrespect to rival gangs) Certain patterns appear without the numbers. As always, â€Å"K† is a threat to â€Å"(K)ill†, as are any crossed-out letters. â€Å"A† as in â€Å"Almighty† â€Å"N†, that virtually stands for â€Å"Nation† can be safely ignored. When seen together, which usually occurs, it show up that the gangs used to calling themselves the Almighty Whatever Nation. Figure 3: â€Å"GD around Star of David with number six inside the star, pitchfork extending from the D† – Gangsters Disciples with six point star representing GDs and Folks. Pitchford represents GD’s and Folks Gangs which are known in the country carry a finite code which makes them easy to identify. â€Å"GD† is the Gangster Disciples and â€Å"VL† are the Vice Lords. â€Å"LK† are the Latin Kings, and â€Å"LQ† the Latin Queens; sometimes when they’re getting along, they’re the LKQ – Latin Kings and Queens. Crossed-out letters in gang graffiti usually mean a threat. Letters â€Å"B†, â€Å"C†, â€Å"F†, â€Å"P†, or â€Å"S† crossed-out in a piece of gang graffiti, it signifies a threat towards a gang whose name, â€Å"nation†, or nickname begins with that crossed out letter. In the Vice Lord tag, the letter â€Å"C† is not crossed out which tells you the local Vice Lords don’t have complaints with the (C)rips. Gangs should write very carefully because all too often, little slights in graffiti like crossing out letters, or painting over rival gangs’ tags, are a sure warning sign of impending gang war. Figure 4: â€Å"CVLN† – Conservative Vice Lords Nation. Cane extending from the â€Å"L† is a CVL symbol. Upside down pitchfork shows disrespect towards Fold Nation gangs. Knowledge in deciphering gang graffiti introduced you to a neighborhood of gangs. In (figure 4) the â€Å"C† is short for â€Å"Conservative†. The â€Å"Conservative Vice Lords† are one of several dozen larger Vice Lord â€Å"sets† around United States. Some communities have taken a massive campaign against graffiti and also intensifies gang reduction. In Florida, the Florida Department of Corrections website posts information to help educate the public in reducing gang activities, which imposes threat to the community. Some gangs, the website says, even use graffiti as ‘Death warrants’ to authorities specifically to police officers. Community awareness program in most part of America uses the 4 R’s of graffiti to intensify campaign against gangs and gang graffiti. The slogan says, â€Å"READ IT, RECORD IT, REPORT IT & REMOVE IT†. (Deciphering Gang†¦2010, p. 1) Thus, citizens should read it and report it to police, and police will record it and then remove it. These steps are important but the removal of the graffiti is the most risky. Removal of graffiti manifests the neighborhood’s refusal to be dominated or intimidated by gangs which is a language most gang members understand. Neighborhood residents who ignore graffiti and bother not to remove them are viewed as frightened and weak by the gangs who made them. At the worst, there are instances that gang members attack people who attempt to remove or cover their graffiti. Gang graffiti is the most dangerous of all graffiti and can usually be found around community rail stations. It marks territory and rival gangs usually challenge for territory by crossing out another gang’s graffiti. It imposes real and great danger to the residents. Messages in graffiti are taken seriously by gangsters and the longer graffiti is, the greater the risk that the threats will be acted on. Graffiti is a gateway crime and membership in gangs certainly guarantees a criminal record. Since juvenile of minor age receives more lenience when it comes to punishment, the minors are the usual target of recruitment and the doer of crimes. Residents Against Graffiti Everywhere (RAGE) is a community group that looks at social issues and works with local councils and Governments towards promoting a zero tolerance policy on graffiti. (Bland and Read 2000, p. 179) By legal definition, graffiti is vandalism. It is the unauthorized application of markings on someone else’s property, especially without permission. Therefore, legality wise it is a crime. The manner that graffiti is regularly produced as illegal detracts it from the concept to be considered an art form. Very unfortunately that graffiti is responded with outrage over the abuse of someone’s property. This negative connotation may take away the value or impact of the artist’s original message. Perhaps, it would be better to get permission from the owner of the â€Å"canvas† to display the art. Yet, graffiti still elicits emotional response even in its illegal state. Furthermore, it is composed of lines, shapes, color, tones, and forms in a display that conveys a certain message and elicits an emotion. Therefore, it is safe to say that graffiti is indeed an art. As George Stowers (1997) presented four criteria as basis that some forms of graffiti become a work of art. First, the artist’s intention to produce a work of art separates graffiti art from everyday graffiti markings. Second, graffiti art established a history of development in style and technique. Third, the art world has already recognized graffiti as an art form. Fourth is the public response to graffiti art indicates that it is art. Regardless of the message it conveys, the fact that graffiti carry the aesthetic and creative symbolism and expression, public agrees that graffiti is a form of art. Like other art forms, graffiti art is a definite art when both the artist and the audience agree on the works ability to provide maximal aesthetic satisfaction. Graffiti is presently known as spray can art which is a form indeed recognized as art. It has form, color, and other base properties as any other art pieces. It also has as an arrangement of these elements into structures that qualify it aesthetically as being art. However, something that is done with spray paint might make it graffiti, but not necessarily qualify as art or graffiti art. Location and presentation still are the factors that hinder the general acceptance of graffiti art. However, the instances that the art world’s acceptance of graffiti art shows that conventional methods of presentation are not all that matters in determining graffiti as an art. Graffiti in the form of spray can art is art like any other work that might be found in a gallery or a museum. References Bland, N. & Read, T. (2000). Policing Anti-social Behaviour. Police Research Series 123, Policing and Reducing Crime, British Home Office, London, UK. Carlie, Michael. (2002) Graffiti and Other Gang Identifiers. (Into the Abyss: A Personal Journey into the World of Street Gangs) Retrieved 23 May 2010 from . Deciphering Gang Graffiti (2008). The Slugsite. com. Retrieved 23 May 2010 from . Graffiti. (2007) The Huntfor. com retrieved 23 May 2010 from .

Advantages and Disadvantages of Using Technology

Chief among there is its convenience, efficiency and effectiveness in work, study, and research. It must be said that there are a number of substantial problems associated with the phenomenon of modernized technology. The one that springs immediately to mind is the potential risk of overusing technology in our lives. At the other end of the spectrum, there are many and varied merits to the concept of easily accessible up-to-date technology. Perhaps most importantly, it assists people to carry out their work faster. In my own experience, I found that technological appliances such as computer and mobile phone have assisted me a great deal in my occupation. As an accountant, I usually liaise with my clients to discuss about their account issues. Sometimes, problems can be solved via only a phone call. In addition, the aid of computer has reduced amount of my work significantly. At the end of the day, the positives effects of using digital technology and its convenience and efficiency for most people are more convincing than the negative aspects. If digital technology were never invented, our lives would be never wonderful as they should be. There is a school of thought which contends that features, talents and shortcomings humanity is born with determine our social skills and growth considerably more than any education and real-life scenarios throughout our lives. From my personal perspective, I am unable to concur with this view. First and foremost, it is clearly evident that while beasts inherit all the intuition needed for existence when they come into the world, humanity is virtually useless at birth and takes the first 20 years of life acquiring survival prowess. / To begin with, it is immediately apparent that off spring inherit incredible genetic †hard-wired† abilities at birth, but unless they are encouraged to evolve these, such talents will manifest themselves. / First and foremost, it is clearly evident that if an individual has skill at something, it becomes pparent in earlier youth. People do not wake up one morning as excellent/superb athletes or academics at the age of 35. Similarly, lack of ability or learning difficulties are usually noticed at a very young age. This strongly recommends that babies are neither born with distinct abilities nor they are. †¦.. At the end of the day, in the course of our daily existence, any educative processes and life-changing events exert far g reater control than aspects, natural abilities as well as weak points that are contained in our genetic make-up.

Increase in flights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Increase in flights - Essay Example DS-3 flew with 21 to 32 passengers (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). By the time, DS-4 and DS-6 revolutionized the passenger flights and the power associated with them. Boeing and Airbus are two major companies that are providing the world with the passenger airplanes (Armstrong, 1993). The biggest passenger aeroplane is Airbus A-380. It is a double deck plane and made its first flight on 27 April 2005. The seating capacity for this plane is almost 853 for economy class or 525 people in a three-class arrangement. The airbus A-380 can reach the speed of almost 900km/hour or 0.85 mach (Cullingworth, 1997). History Fight history is full of experimentations and theories. The initialization in the field of flying is initiated by the Chinese. Chinese discovered kites round 400BC and people at that time thought that someday man could be able to fly in the air using kites or some other mechanism (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). After that people, experimented big kites to fly in air but in vain. Chinese used these kites for fun and in their religious ceremonies. These kites are also used in weather testing. In 1480, Leonardo da Vinci proposed many theories about the flight and drew about 100 drawing to support his theories but his flight mechanism never came into reality (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). In the year of 1783, Joseph and Jacques Montgolfier developed the first hot air balloon. The invention of hot air balloon opened new ways to develop an aircraft. About two centuries ago in 1804 a model of a real time glider is proposed by George Cayley (Armstrong, 1993). The model glider has fixed wings and a movable tail. This concept revolutionized the flight history. In 1853, George Cayley’s invented a glider, which was able to carry man. He named the glider ‘New Flyer’ and it took his footmen across Brompton Dale. In 1874, a piloted aeroplane was made by Felix du Temple, which ran down a ramp (Barrass and Madhavan, 1996). He named it ‘Hop’ and it is un able to take off using its own power. Clement Ader in 1890 created the first piloted aeroplane that is able to take off by using its own power. The name of this aeroplane is Eole. In 1893, first controlled flight was made by Otto Lilienthal (Cullingworth, 1997). He made a true controlled flight and glided up to 230 meters. Wright brothers made a sustained controlled flight in 1903 at Kitty Hawk (Barrass and Madhavan, 1996). Wright brothers made a remarkable contribution in the flight history. Douglas airplanes contributed much in the history of the aeroplanes but when Boeing entered in the market of passenger planes, it made a remarkable contribution in passenger and cargo aeroplanes (Armstrong, 1993). In 1947, Boeing came with new design in aircrafts and presented their first plane and names it Boeing 377 Strato Cruiser. It has four piston driven engines (Hoyle and Knowles, 1998). Modern flights are much more advanced and are able to carry hundreds of passengers and tons of cargo w ith them (Newman and Kenworthy, 1999). Today airplanes have advanced turbo jet engines. Reasons for Increase in Flights Flight is the fastest mean of transport today. The speed of a plane depends on its engine. Today aircraft engines are such made that they can be able to carry tons of loads and maintain a high velocity. The property of an airplane that it can cover large distance in a little span of time makes it a major reason in the increase in flights (Tolley and Turton, 1995). It can save you

Origins of hominid bipedalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Origins of hominid bipedalism - Essay Example The other great apes for example chimpanzees do not have a straight gait and human straight gait is much more efficient than their bipedalism and quadrapedalism. Fossil evidence of hominid ancestor’s bipedalism is constructed to imply that it existed about 3.5 million years ago. This essays objective is therefore aimed at looking at two distinct hypotheses that attempt to provide explanations to the origins of hominid bipedalism. The first hypothesis (from empirical evidence) to propose is that bipedalism evolved because of energetic efficiency needed by the hominid for travel and that the need was key to the origin of bipedalism. To accept the hypothesis above, first the comparisons should be made at constant speeds of travel and given that bipedal hominids descended from quadrapedal hominids the comparison should be between bipedal hominids and quadrapedal hominids. Rodman and McHenry( 104) observed that male chimpanzees traveled a median speed traveled a median speed of 3.8, 4.2 and 6.4 km each day in three different seasons and took 59 minutes, 105 minutes, and 148 minutes respectively to travel those distances. On average, the male chimpanzees travelled at a speed of 2.9 kilometers per hour, a normal human being walks at an average speed of 4.5 kilometers per hour. Modern hominids through adaptive features evolved bipedalistic tendencies to suit their current environment this explanation is provided wit hout reference to any empirical observation. The result show that there was no energetic difference separating hominid quadrapedal adaptation from hominid bipedalism. It is widely accepted that bipedalism arose because the hominid ancestors moved from living less on the trees to be more comfortable on the ground this was because of hominid dietary divergence (Lewin 113). The Lovejoy hypothesis postulates that the primates underwent evolution to achieve reproductive success through reduced parental care, pregnancy and maturation period. As the

Explain the theme of Work and Identity in Kafkas The Metamorphosis Essay

Explain the theme of Work and Identity in Kafkas The Metamorphosis. How is Kafkas work existentialist - Essay Example Gregor is forced to work hard; â€Å"slavery† can be the best term to describe Gregor’s state in the family. He is forced to make cash for the family members. Gregor is viewed as a source of income to the family but not as a member of it. The family has shown that without money, received from Gregor’s hard work, they have no business in associating with him. The neglect is witnessed after the metamorphosis process. Gregor had to undergo revulsion and neglect from the family members as a result of the metamorphosis process. In addition, the effects of money can be seen to be present in the family immediately they begin working. Work and money has made it difficult for family members to communicate, and to eat together (Kafka par 1). On debt, Gregor longs for the day; he will be able to pay all his debts and quit the job. As long as the debts are owed, Gregor cannot stop working because the family depends on the salary received from the job. Debt and work; denied Gregor the freedom from restrictive demands of the society. During the metamorphosis process, Gregor escapes from the debts and duties which have long troubled him. However, the metamorphosis, which is seen as escapism, does not fully help Gregor in achieving full freedom. The family members have decided to imprison Gregor in his room (Kafka par 4). On existentialism and work, an individual’s destiny depends upon that individual and their ability to make choices. Kafka explains the metamorphosis process in relating the way in which Gregor must work to provide for the family. Family duty had to be done by Gregor. Gregor needed money to provide for the basic need to his parents as well as send the sister to a school. Work and family duty has to be done, despite the challenges being experience. However, the efforts put in place by Gregor in providing for the family is not appreciated. The family sees him as a source of income, slave, and a bother (Kafka par 6). After the

Educational Technology Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Technology - Research Proposal Example It is known as the â€Å"Little School Across the River.† Lafarque Elementary enrollment is roughly 736 students with a population consisting of 75% white students and 25% black students, grades ranging from Pre-Kindergarten to Sixth grade. As the only 6th grade math teacher, I teach a total of 98 students in four 90 minute blocks. My students are seated in groups of four in order to incorporate cooperative learning, as well as complete group assignments. I have pertinent math material posted throughout my classroom as well. I have 15 special needs students (1 IEP and 14 IAP’s). A certified Special Education teacher does come into my room daily for a total of 30 minutes to assist as needed. The reason for choosing my classes for the study is to see how technology can improve their ability to learn and comprehend 6th grade mathematical concepts and practices. Their strengths are, hopefully, the cooperative learning that has been instituted in the classroom from Day 1. I hoped that by using cooperative learning that the students would be able to help one another in the learning of Math. This grouping of four also allows me top teach them through group assignments. Their challenges are the ability to get along with one another while attempting to complete the group assignments or help one another through cooperative learning. ... However, the research shows the positives heavily outweigh the negative aspects when it comes to using technology in the classroom. A lot of the sources found for this research show us that many of the research studies used in the sources themselves are the same. Most of those particular studies shows us that technology affects the students’ ability to learn in positive ways. On the website Education World there is an article, entitled Technology in Schools: Does it Make a Difference, written by Glori Chaika back in 1999, which was originally from the website TechnicalSchool.org, but placed on this site in 2006. This article opens up with the information of the Clinton administration back in 1998 setting aside an additional $25 million for integrating technology into the schools and instructing the teachers in the use of technology for the classroom. Furthermore, this article quotes Darla Waldrop, a junior-high computer lab coordinator in Louisiana. She states, â€Å"Children who don’t do anything in class will work if it’s on the computer. It takes that ‘I’m not working for an authority figure’ out of it. They’re working at their own pace, and they love the multimedia effect.† This article also tells what makes some programs more successful than others. And it gives the pro resources for technology in schools. Best Evidence Encyclopedia released a booklet in July of this past year that was written by two members of Johns Hopkins University, Alan C.K. Cheung and Robert Slavin. This booklet was entitled, The Effectiveness of Educational Technology Applications for Enhancing Mathematics Achievement in K -12 Classrooms: A Meta-Analysis. This meta-analysis shows us that technology in mathematics classrooms help the students

Grounds Maintenance Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Grounds Maintenance Building - Essay Example The building integrated photovoltaic is designed for easy integration into the building even after it is built (BIPV). Thus the building integrated photovoltaic could easily be used as the roof for the building besides acting as a mini power source for the same building unit. This would be adequate to meet its essential lighting and also the outside illumination needs. The modules are designed such that they are transparent and part of the natural light could also be easily transferred into the building. Structurally they are crystalline and micro perforated amorphous transparent modules (BIPV). Their ability to be fixed to both tile roof and flat roof could give them an ample scope for demonstration in the college campus. Also, using photovoltaic as the venation blinds is another area that could be explored in our settings. Though the systems demand high level of expertise and planning an excellent demonstration of this technology would help to realize how the past impact caused by the structural elements could be mitigated by saving the environment into future. And thus Ground Maintenance Building would stand as the icon of environmental sustainability in the college campus.

Comparative Study of Different Bibliographical Sources for the Sonata Annotated Bibliography

Comparative Study of Different Bibliographical Sources for the Sonata by Paul Creston - Annotated Bibliography Example According to Grove’s dictionary (33), personal initiative leads to creativity in sonata as illustrated by Paul Creston who took piano and organ lessons. Rhythm can form the basis of a style in sonata, and the more performances an artist initiates in sonata, the more accolades and awards he receives. Paul Creston engaged cool romantic compositions in enticing his sonata performances (Grove’s dictionary 33). In the sixties and seventies most work and styles in sonata is attributed to Paul Creston. In turn, the society gave him a role to play in influencing sonata music. His performances involved shifting divisions of the normal meter, which was widely acknowledge and appreciated in America. Creston’s decision on 1932 had significant impact on sonata music. This is evident in the developments in the last century. Grove’s dictionary (34), states that another performer who was a music teacher and influenced sonata historically; thus, Marcus van Cravel. According to Slomski (8), benefits of engaging in sonata early in life to enhance creativity in this style of music are evident. Early participation can influence performance in sonata as evident in engaging in social duties. Slomski (97) asserts that engaging in several activities before establishing oneself in sonata often improves other music genres. Like other works of literature, Monica Slomski supports that exemplary works of sonata are disputable worldwide. Slomski (143) cites a case whereby outstanding performance in sonata earned Paul Creston awards in the orchestral field. This book in line with other literary sources highlights the importance of persistence towards achieving individual goals in performing sonata. Personal attributes such as hard work is to be utilized to achieve recognition for music activities especially sonata. This source elaborates the ways through which sonata enhances fame. Sonata’s background on tone and orchestral characteristics in most

Effects of Stress on the Immune System Research Paper

Effects of Stress on the Immune System - Research Paper Example Stress does have a profound effect on the immune system. Though stress was initially considered to exert a physiological effect in the human body, later studies have revealed that it also affects the immune system by changing the immune response to infectious agents and environmental pollutants. Further studies have shown that depending on the nature and duration of the stressful event the immune system can either be enhanced or depressed. These immune changes however, have minimal clinical consequences in healthy individuals, but the weakening of the immune system in response to aging and disease results in prominent changes in the immunity of the individual to stress. Stress has also been linked to the progression of various diseases such as tumors and autoimmune diseases. The changes in immune response are mediated by signals from the endocrine and nervous system which are the initially responders to the environmental stresses. Various stress hormones released in response to stres s play a role in the activation or suppression of the immune cells. While in majority of the cases stress has a detrimental effect on the functioning of the immune system, in some cases acute limited stress have been shown to up regulate natural immunity parameters that are useful in protection against a possible injury or infection. Stress has for long been linked to changes in the physiology of humans such an increased delivery of oxygen and glucose to the heart muscles. However, researchers have shown that apart from these physiological changes stress also affects the immune response of an individual.... The hypothalamus controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary, adrenal cortex and medulla. When this hypothalamus- pituitary- adrenal cortex axes is subjected to chronic activation it can have a pronounced effect on the health through continued secretion of hormones. When the receptors for glucocorticoid (GC) hormones present on the immune cells are bound by GC hormones they interfere with the activity of NF-kB which in turn suppresses the secretion of cytokines by these cells. The activation of the HPA axis also causes the secretion of catecholamine’s from the adrenal medulla which also binds to adrenergic receptors on the immune cells and increases the production of cytokines and antibody which is the body’s immediate response to stress. However, when subject to chronic activation these hormones can have a similar effect like the GC on the immune cells (Padgett & Glaser, 2003). While these stress hormones make us resistant to the effects of stressors by incre asing heart rate, blood pressure and sugar levels to combat the perceived threat, they however have a deleterious effect on the immune system when produced chronically (Psychological Stress and Cancer, 2012). For example, the release of cortisol under conditions of stress has been found to have an inhibitory effect on the synthesis and activity of white blood cells. In addition it has also been found to interfere with communication of immune cells thus preventing them from providing the necessary protection to the body (Hussain, 2010). The effect of stress hormones on the immune system has been studied in great detail during the past decade. Hormones released by various glands in response to stress

Globalization Process Essay Example for Free

Globalization Process Essay Globalization is the process of international integration arising from the interchange of world views, products, ideas, and other aspects of culture.[1][2] Globalization describes the interplay across cultures of macro-social forces. These forces include religion, politics, and economics. Your shirt was made in Mexico and your shoes in China. Your CD player comes from Japan. You can travel to Moscow and eat a Big Mac there and you can watch an American film in Rome. Today goods are made and sold all over the world, thanks to globalization. Globalization lets countries move closer to each other. People, companies and organizations in different countries can live and work together. We can exchange goods , money and ideas faster and cheaper than ever before. Modern communication and technology, like the Internet, cell phones or satellite TV help us in our daily lives. Globalization is growing quickly. A German company can produce cars in Argentina and then sell them in the United States. A businessman in Great Britain can buy a part of a company in Indonesia on one day and sell parts of another business in China the next, thanks to globalization. Fast food companies open shops around the world almost every day. Advantages * Globalization lets countries do what they can do best. If, for example, you buy cheap steel from another country you don’t have to make your own steel. You can focus on computers or other things. * Globalization gives you a larger market. You can sell more goods and make more money. You cancreate more jobs. * Consumers also profit from globalization. Products become cheaper and you can get new goods more quickly. Disadvantages * Globalization causes unemployment in industrialized countries because firms move their factories to places where they can get cheaper workers. * Globalization may lead to more environmental problems. A company may want to build factories in other countries because environmental laws are not as strict as they are at home. Poor countries in the Third World may have to cut down more trees so that they can sell wood to richer countries. * Globalization can lead to financial problems. In the 1970s and 80s countries like Mexico, Thailand, Indonesia or Brazil got a lot of money from investors who hoped they could build up new businesses there. These new companies often didn’t work, so they had to close down and investors pulled out their money. * Some of the poorest countries in the world, especially in Africa, may get even poorer. Their population is not as educated as in developed countries and they don’t have the new technology that we do. * Human, animal and plant diseas es can spread more quickly through globalization.

Crime and disorder act 1998

Crime and disorder act 1998 The ratio of the case is that within section 28(4) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 those who are not an immigrant of the country, in other words those who are not of a British origin, do represent a racial group. Section 28(4) of the Act defines the term racial group which includes nationality (including citizenship) and national origins along with race, colour and ethnic origin. The addition of nationality in the Race Relations Act 1976 section 1 subsection (1)(b)(ii) established that discrimination against the non-British was no longer allowed and therefore it didnt matter that the offender hadnt referred to the women as Spaniards, the fact that he mentioned foreigners indicate the non-British and demonstrates racially aggravated discrimination under the 1998 Act. The Court of Appeal addressed the central issue by focusing on the language of section 28 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which includes the two circumstances under which an action would be considered to be racially aggravated, in subsection 1(a), the meanings of certain words in subsection 1(a), the basis of the offence and the meaning of the term racial group. The first key step in reaching the conclusion was mentioned by Baroness Hale, that the basic offence has been committed and that the offence is either racially or religiously aggravated under section 28 of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. The next step towards the reasoning mainly concerns subsection 1(a) which states that before, after or at the time of committing the offence, the offender demonstrates conducts hostility towards the victim which is based on the victims membership or presumed membership of a particular racial or religious group. This subsection is based on an outward manifestation of hostility towards racial or religious groups and that is what the House of Lords (HL) interpreted for this case. The HL then accepted that if the offender had referred to the victims as bloody Spaniards instead of bloody foreigners which were the exact words the offended had used. However according to the 1998 Act the hostility must be shown towards a particular group instead of foreigne rs. Then it has been mentioned that the Act requires to be defined by what it is rather than what it is not. Thus the term Spaniards would be covered in the Act but not the term foreigners which refers to all non-British. Then it was established by the HL that the criterion by which the victims are defined, whether it is defined solely by reference to what the group members are not or broadly by reference to what they are, is the same. Finally the last step towards the final decision of the case was to obtain the answer to the question; whether or not non-British people, those who dont come from a British origin, represent a racial group within section 28(4) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, to which the answer given was affirmative as it would be had the question been regarding whether foreigners represented a racial group within section 28(4) of the Act. I find the House of Lords decision to be convincing because of the following reasons: The offender has committed an offence and has demonstrated hostility towards the three Spanish women. The evidence for this lies in the fact he then pursued them in a kebab shop in an aggressive manner. The word aggressive is important in this context as it proves that he has shown hostile behaviour towards the three women. According to the facts of the case, after having said bloody foreigners and go back to your own country he then pursued them in a kebab shop in an aggressive manner. This indicates that the offender has committed a racially aggravated crime under section 28 , subsection 1(a) of the Crime and Disorder Act 1998 which states that one of the circumstances under which an offence will be considered racially aggravated is if the offender demonstrated hostile behaviour towards the victims any time before, after or at the time of the offence, based on their racial backgrounds. Therefore the use of the word then satisfies this subsection of the 1998 Act because it indicates that he demonstrated hostile behaviour after committing the offence. It has already been proved that the act was racially aggravated and such acts lead to the denial of respect and dignity towards those who are considered as the others. They are never looked upon as part of the community and it is more hurtful to the victims as such conduct is likely to make them feel discriminated due to their racial backgrounds. Baroness Hale referred to the case of Director of Public Prosecutions v M [2004] 1 WLR 2758, where the Divisional Court held that the use of the terms bloody foreigners could portray hostile behaviour towards a racial group, depending on the context. The fact that Baroness Hale referred to this example to back up her opinion makes the final decision more convincing. Baroness Hale also mentioned that in Attorney Generals Reference (No 4 of 2004) [2005] 1 WLR 2810 the CA (Court of Appeal) held that someone who is an immigrant to this country and therefore non-British could be a member of a racial group for this purpose. This statement makes the decision really convincing because it actually states that the three Spanish women, being foreigners and therefore non-British, did constitute a separate racial group and hence the offenders appeal was dismissed. Baroness Hales opinion also includes examples which illustrate a clear distinction between words or phrases which demonstrate hostility towards a racial group and words that only demonstrate hostility towards foreigners only. One such example of this is Wogs begin at Calais which demonstrates hostility towards all foreigners and bloody wogs which is considered to have specific racial connotations. According to an article from telegraph.co.uk , the word wog is a vulgar name for a foreigner. So in other words the term bloody wogs which according to Baroness Hales opinion has racial associations, can also be translated to bloody foreigners. Therefore it shows how the expression bloody foreigners, used by the offender in the case, is a vulgar expression that insulted the three Spanish women. This further makes the House of Lords decision convincing.

Margaret Thatcher’s New Right and New Labour

Margaret Thatcher’s New Right and New Labour The welfare state can be defined as the process in which the Government takes the responsibility in paying for, and in some instances such as public healthcare, directly providing services for the people. Through measures such as unemployment insurance, old-age pensions, and other social-security processes, it further provides the social and economic security of its population (Jones et al, 2007, p.680). In addition, the responsibility of the state is to help families, who need support in bringing up their children, through providing a choice of services which promotes the welfare of children and family members (VSS, 2003, p.2). The welfare state existed as far back as medieval times when the monasteries in particular looked after and supported the frail and elderly and educated the children. In the 16th century, parishes became legally responsible for looking after the poor and the people of the parish were expected to pay the cost (Bartholomew, 2004, p.29). The Poor Laws (traced back to 1536) were passed by the UK government to provide housing to the poor, homeless or disabled and in the 1800s many workhouses were built to provide shelter, work, food and clothing to the destitute. In 1914 a new code was established which encouraged more generous relief to be given to widows but only to those of good habits who would bring up their families correctly and that workhouses should be used as a threat to weaker women as it was already being argued that the welfare system was changing the morals of society (Walsh et al, 2000, p. 35;36). The birth of the modern welfare state began in 1911 when Lloyd George and Churchill introduced the first compulsary national insurance scheme against unemployment (Bartholomew, 2004, p.51). In 1941 an enquiry was launched which put forward proposals on how to tidy up the state welfare and the Bevridge report was published in 1942. William Bevridge was disappointed in what the welfare state had become and his report focused on full employment continuing within a stable economy where both Conservative and Labour worked within similar ideologies at this time to keep this stability and growth (Harris, 2004, p. 289, Alcock et al, 2004, p. 246). He was a believer of the Keynes theory that suggested there was a need for Government intervention to manage the economy which would solve the problems of unemployment and this approach was adopted by the Labour party (Page, 1999, p.24). His report further outlined defeating the five giants: want, ignorance, disease, squalor and idleness and his ma in proposal was that a national security should be universal and be compulsary everyone would pay a flat-rate contributions to a national insurance scheme. Those who fell ill, became unemployable or reached retirement age would, in return, receive flat-rate payments (Bartholomew, 2004, p.57). His report made no special provision for lone parents at all, arguing that the reponsibility of supporting the unmarried mother would be her familys although the typical family (which was that of a working man, his wife and children) lived almost in an income tax free state. At the time there was a married-couples allowance and tax allowances paid for each child which made the two parent family more likely to succeed (Bartholomew, 2004, p.255). Feminists saw his report as advocating that the womens place should be in the home serving her husband and children (VSS, 2003, p.19) as Beveridge stated that married womens duties was the vital unpaid service which would ensure the adequate continuance of the British race and of the British ideals in the world (cited in Lewis et al, 2000, p.32). The years following the Second World War radically influenced British society the NHS was formed and various Acts such as the Education Act; Family Allowance Act and the National Assistance Act were introduced and National Insurance for the unemployed was developed (Walsh et al, 2000, p.46). The Labour government helped to create a more state orientated Britain which took place with the purchase of industries by the state however this focus changed when the Conservative government came into power in 1979 and the concentration shifted to privatisation (Burton, 1987, p.26). The Conservatives, led by Margaret Thatcher, faced the burdening situation of the governments finances, rise in unemployment and NHS budget, and an increase in welfare bills. She proposed major changes in the thinking about social welfare and how it should be administered. In order to considerably reduce the increasing demand on the welfare state, which she believed to be expensive and morally weakening, she shifte d the responsibility of welfare from the state to personal, private and voluntary organisations which would be more efficient and effective (Walsh et al, 2000, p.52). During her period in office, Thatcher was influenced by her belief that the traditional nuclear family was the central force of modern life that contributed to decency, manners, respect for property and law and self-reliance, and was the best atmosphere for raising children (Jones et al, 2007, p.156). The norms and values of society began to break down in the 60s and 70s when a more tolerant society began to emerge. Changes to social policies such as divorce legislation (Divorce Reform Act, 1969) and generous welfare benefits were blamed for society and values deteriorating and this had caused an increase in irregular families and household types (Douglas, 1990, p.412). Thatcher and the New Right believed that the only way social problems would end would be if the golden age returned in which people lived in conventional family units, women stayed at home, divorce was not considered, benefits for lone parents were low and tax allowance for children were paid out (Douglas, 1999, p.414 ). They further argued that the traditional values of womens roles and the tradition of marriage was important to hold society together (Jones, 2007, p.156). New Right thinking, although influential in the 80s during the Thatcher Government is not new and has been around since the 17th and 18th century. The belief was that the government should not intercede in peoples lives and freedom, and that any intervention would cause social problems to become worse rather than improving them. The New Right also differentiated between people who were thought to be deserving of help and welfare services (poor through no fault of their own) and those who were unemployed, lazy and wasted money who should not receive welfare and support (Page et al, 1999, p.23; 78). Although Thatcher was keen to encourage and maintain the roles and responsibilities of the traditional family unit for personal security, emotional satisfaction and care for family members, it became difficult due to changes in society and law, which allowed women more freedom. Abortions were legalised and the contraceptive pill became available for free. In addition several Acts were introduced which gave women the opportunity to be more equal to men such as the Sex Discrimination Act (1975), Equal Pay Act (1970) and the Equal Opportunities Act (1995). Furthermore the marketization of the economy; deregulation and privatisation of labour markets and spreading owner occupation in an unstable housing market all played their part in the family breakdown and womens access to, and need for, jobs (Chadwick et al, 2003, p.8). As womens lives began to change, they moved away from their natural role of housewife and mother as divorce rates climbed and more lone-parent families became the nor m. The idea of family responsibility and informal care by the existing family was formally made public but in reality, it became more difficult for family members to support each other. The belief was that the normal nuclear family should be a family of two heterosexual adults, who were married and in a sexual relationship, producing children and instilling traditional moral values in them. Therefore the breakdown of the family and specifically the increase in lone parent families and illegitimacy were recognized as the cause of the increase in crime, unemployment, delinquency, educational underachievement and child poverty (Douglas, 1999, p.412; 413). Charles Murray whose New Right ideas greatly influenced Thatcher and Conservative thinking believed that society in the 1960s had done nothing to improve the life of the poor but instead had caused it to be worse by creating an underclass. Despite any evidence, he further argued that the welfare programmes had produced a rise in unemp loyment, crime and illegitimacy in the American underclass and defiantly stated that people were not owed a decent standard of living, it was something they had to work for (Page et al, 1999, p.79). Murray particularly blamed the children of lone parent families for social problems as he argued that the lack of both role models would increase their chance of living in poverty, becoming dependent on drugs, alcohol and benefits and therefore would increase the chance of them resorting to crime. He further stated that the welfare state encouraged dependency and a break from traditional values and argued that large benefits led to families not working, but remaining dependant on state benefits (Page et al, 1999, p.304; 78). Thatcher therefore believed that the only way to reduce poverty was by ending the benefit culture, removing this dependency and encouraging self-reliance. She would have preferred mothers not to work, as their responsibility was to be at home to care for and protect their children. More over it would have been desirable if there were no single mothers claiming income support. Dunn Toroosian (2009, p.74) argues that the terms legitimate and illegitimate referring to children born in or out of wedlock are old fashioned, value laden terms that reflect societies attitude to marriage and childbearing which reinforce the New Right view and the Conservative pro-family movement, derived from Christian morality. Thatcher addressed the increase in welfare costs by cutting social expenditure, withdrawing services and introducing a new form of means tested support, which she believed targeted those in real need. She reduced the level of benefits and replaced certain benefits with others, which meant some people lost all or some of their benefits. Furthermore child benefit was not increased in line with inflation. Discretionary payments for people in deprivation were completely removed and the Social Fund introduced to help struggling people was mostly given out in the form of loans and not grants. The effect of these changes left many people and families who were receiving benefits a lot poorer. It is however argued (Pascall, 2002) that these changes to social policy left women in a stronger position by the end of the Conservative era due to improved access to work and enabled lone mothers to do paid work which made women less dependant within families. Although many of the changes happened more because of the womens movement than to Thatcherism, Thatcherite policies played a part in the process. However regardless of the womans new position, the New Rights ideology of the nuclear family is not all it is made out to be. Functionalist in particular ignored the potential harmful effects of family life and inequalities of domestic life. Nuclear families are very stereotypical and discriminatory (other family types are not families and therefore inadequate), patriarchal (there is an unequal distribution of power and status as it is male dominant and women are exploited) and not inclusive (gay relationships, reconstituted families, unmarried parents and especially lone parents ar e all ignored). There was no discussion or argument about whether the nuclear family was the only one that could carry out the vital functions of the family or whether the role of nurturing children could possibly be carried out by other family types such as lone parents or two women/ men. In addition nuclear families, as with all other types of families, can be equally unfavourable especially if there is domestic abuse and violence or child and drug abuse. Women may have gained more rights to be considered equal to men but in most circumstances the man has remained the breadwinner and women were still considered to undertake the emotional role of the domestics, housewife, mother and carer. Women often work part time or flexible hours in order to allow them to continue to fulfil their childcare and household responsibilities (Dunn-Toroosin, 2009, p.63). In addition, because of the changes in the economic, demographic, political and cultural trends in the industrialised world, people s work and home lives had changed. Although great change had taken place, it seemed that other areas of society such as government, religion and business had not yet caught up with the new reality. The Labour Party led by Tony Blair came into power after a landslide victory in 1997 and one of his main agendas was welfare reform. Although he continued with many of the Conservatives themes and stated that the welfare state must offer a hand-up rather than a hand-out'(Page, 1999, p.306), he wanted people on benefits to pull their weight with his rights and responsibilities approach. However, in his attempt to break away from Thatherism, the new government adopted the Third Way which was about promoting opportunity instead of dependance, with a welfare state providing for the mass of the people, but in new ways to fit the modern world (DSS, 1998b, p.19). Although New Labour accepted that the government had a duty to provide appropriate training and education, Blair wanted certain people receiving benefits (including single parents) to be encouraged into work and training rather than continuing to receive benefits (Page, 1999, p.309). Blair stressed the importance of individuals bei ng socially independent, however he also emphasised the importance and morals of families arguing that the breakup of community in turn is consequent on the breakdown in family life (Lavalette et al, 1999, online). Blair promised that his policies would modernise and renew Britain however the ideas that they were based upon were hardly new. He frequently discussed his Christian beliefs and values and how they influenced his policies New Labour very much wanted to return to family values (Lavalette et al, 1999, online). Frank Field (Labour minister for welfare reform, 1998) adopted many of the views of Charles Murray and he again highlighted the role of divorce, family breakdown and illegitimacy as the main contributors of the underclass and that welfare should openly reward good behaviour and enhance those roles which the country values (cited in Lavalette, 1999, online). Labour used social welfare policy to assert a new moral agenda and similarly to the policies of the New Right f ocused on the problem of teenage pregnancy, single mothers and the one parent family which resulted in benefits being cut (Page, 1999, p.129). The New Deal (introduced in 1998) was concerned with moving people off benefits into work through better access to training and subsidies being offered to employers who employ young people who had been out of work for six months. Furthermore the New Deal for Lone Parents did not apply to lone parents with younger children and it did not consider how difficult it was for them in actually taking up paid work (Hills, 1998, p.26). The poor working class families were told that they would be held responsible for any crimes their children committed as New Labour focussed on strengthening families and communities and also shaping the institution in which children are brought up, on the basis of enduring values justice for all, responsibilty from all (Chadwick, 2003, p.32). Benefit recipients were told that work is their salvation, even if it meant working for benefits, and being unemployed was not an option. Another strategy on his agenda was to tackle social exclusion groups of the poor who lacked the income and the opportunities to access social establishments which again included young single mothers. New Labour saw paid work as the best way to improve the position of the socially excluded rather than creating dependancy on welfare payments and services (Page, 1999, p.307). Ironically his agenda led to increasing levels of unemployment and a greater divide between rich and poor. It is a continuation of a number of themes that have been central to British Government policy for the last 30 years and is based on a deeply conservative moral agenda where the poor working class is increasingly identified as a problem that must be forced to accept the values of modern capitalism. Both New Right and New Labour attitudes and personal belief in how the family does work and should work has significantly impacted and influenced the Governments decision on social policy. However Page (1999, p.15) argues that social policy has always been shaped and influenced by social factors such as gender, class and age. This has in turn had consequences for women in family and public life. The effect of encouraging traditional family structures and the labelling of single parents has had both psychological and physical effects on families and such stigma often shapes and overshadows life. There was no evidence that proved the nuclear family was better than other family units or that lone parents were unsuitable yet this influenced policies. Furthermore, it was seen as a life style choice for single parents to be on benefits but benefits offer little chance for lone parents (and/or their children) to get out of the poverty cycle and it needs to be recognised that poverty strips dignity and makes a person powerless. Although the solution was to blame individuals and therefore change and introduce new policies and benefits, it would have been better to deal with the inequality and the lack of choices faced by some women. Providing more jobs and opportunities with better pay would have enabled women and their families to claw their way out of poverty and their reliance on welfare. Although the increase in capitalism meant progress for women as it enabled them to enter the workforce, they still remained unequal as they continued to bear the burden of the family role. Childcare facilities which could have allowed women to go back to work were scarce due to the lack of Thatchers commitment to spend public money on expanding childcare facilities (Douglas, 1999, p.413). Whilst much has been achieved, women are still at a definite disadvantage compared to men and therefore remain economically dependant. The aim of state welfare was to remove divisions in society, political and class inequality however b ecause of the attitudes of the changing political powers which influenced the welfare state, the effect has been to make those divisions more visible: lone parents and the underclass who have little choice than to live in impoverished environments where there is overcrowding and crime WORD COUNT: 3051

Free College Essays - Lusting After Ladies at the A&P :: A&P Essays

Does lust lead to hardship and emptiness? In this paper (do you mean "this paper" or "John Updike's 'A&P'?) Sammy has a sexual appetite that causes him problems. His worship of a woman's (careful with placement of possessive apostrophe) body causes him to misplace his values and center only on one value. This value is his lustful pleasure he gets when he sees three girls in their skimpy swimsuits. The pleasure he receives outweighs the consequence of emptiness he finally feels after he defends those girls and they do not respond to his pleasurable feelings. Updike in his short story "A&P" uses characterization to illustrate that heroics based upon animalistic sexual appetite, which objectifies women, will lead to a hard and unsuccessful life. Updike uses the characterization of Sammy to illustrate that animalistic sexual appetite objectifies women. Sammy describes Queenie in a sexual manner when he described (try to avoid using the same word twice in a single sentence; try a synonym--to find synonyms there's a cool thesaurus webcite by Merrium Webster at www.m-w.com; also note that you have shifted from present to past tense here; when writing on art you normally stay in the present tense throughout) Queenie's body and bathing suit. He says (missing the proper punctuation after says; if you kept your Holt handbook you should be able to look up punctuation with quotations) "With the straps pushed off, there was nothing between the top of the suit and the top of her head except just her, this clean bare plane of the top of her chest down from the shoulder bones like a dented sheet of metal tilted in the light" (13). (don't forget that MLA style demands that you put the page number of each quote in parentheses immediately af ter each quote) Sammy describes this as more than pretty. His sexual appetite is geared in not seeing these three girls as people but as objects. Sammy sees these women as icons to lust after just like in an eastern orthodox church where they have icons of Jesus and Mary that you can have as objects to focus on and worship. Sammy in effect is using these women as objects to lust after and thus worship human sexuality. He sees these women as objects of pleasure thus fueling his animalistic sexual appetite. (I have a couple of comments on the preceding passage--which I've colored blue.

Great Gatsby’s Commentary on the American Dream Essay -- Literary Ana

There are times when reality falls short of expectations, and when individuals fail to live up to their ideals. The quest to attain what we really want can be an all-encompassing one, requiring all of our devotion and effort. It is especially painful to see others possess what we cannot have. For the characters in Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby these problems are all too real. Gatsby works for a lifetime to gain back what he feels is rightfully his, while facing the crushing realization that he may be too late. Fitzgerald uses this futile search to introduce the idea that the idealized America Gatsby fought for has been corrupted over time. Descriptions of a land of picket fences and middle class freedom is exchanged for one based on greed and lies, where characters will stop at nothing to obtain what they desire. Fitzgerald provides a window into the American Dream, and shows that it has become one based on immorality and deception. Although the marriage of Daisy and Tom Buchanan may have been based on love and devotion, it, like the American Dream as a whole, has been corrupted to become disingenuous and predatory. Tom and Daisy are two people who are content with the somewhat platonic relationship they share, and acquire a child like they would a diamond necklace, a display of affection rather than in the interest of starting a family. One of the first indications that readers receive that the marriage is unhealthy is when Tom interrupts dinner to take a call from his mistress. This event fails to cause a stir in the household, and is merely brushed off by Jordan, who finds fault with the annoying time of the interruption rather than its meaning. Taking on the removed role usually filled by Nick, she comments that Tom’s mist... ... centers on the hollow characters of the East and their careless and senseless ways of living. Fitzgerald uses his work to provide a social commentary on the nature of America and the condition of the American Dream as it pertains to society in the 1920’s. By using characters like Nick as outsiders to the Eastern world of wealth and sophistication, he is able to provide readers a glimpse into the glamorous life that the Buchanans lead, yet also reveal their flaws. The inclusion of Gatsby also aids in the creation of the image of the American Dream as one grounded in lies and infidelity. Where some may see the promise of America to be the ability to gain a large estate on Long Island, Fitzgerald shows that this is not enough, that the true dream is the ability to not care about the messes one makes, and to be able to leave them to someone else to be cleaned up.

Teenage Drunk Driving :: Free Essay Writer

"People need to be aware that what happened to me can happen to you. I had never thought about impaired driving as an issue in my youth, it wasn't a debate. Now I know. Life really is about choices." This quote was from Tom Boyle who killed Brian Colgan in a drunk driving accident in 1995. Tom Boyle states that life is about choices. This brings up the issue with Massachusetts wanting to place a "scarlet letter" (mark of shame) on the licenses of convicted drunk drivers. Placing the "scarlet letter" on the licenses of convicted drunk drivers is a senseable consequence. Being a senseable consequence it brings up the old saying "if you do it once you are bound to do it again", many statistics prove there are a great number of drunk drivers, and the "scarlet letter" will reduce the amount of drunk drivers on the road. When I was a child I dropped a rock on my sisters head not knowing any better, but after being disiplined for doing this I decided to go back and do it again. This is accountable for most drunk drivers we have today; like stated above, "if you do it once you will do it again." If someone is an alcoholic they are bound to keep drinking due to the fact it is a daily routine and they need medical help. Having the mark on the license will motivate the alcoholic to get help and give police and pedestrians warning of the individual. "Alcohol is the 2nd most addicting substance in the United States followed by marijuana", posted Time Magazine June 2001 Issue. Being the 2nd most addicting substance, it is hard not to drink and drive. Teenage Drunk Driving.com Statistics prove that on any given weekend evening, one in 10 drivers on America’s roads have been drinking. With this many people on the road drinking, it puts not just his/her life in danger, but puts our lives in danger as well. According to the latest drunkdrivers.com statistics, the prospect of you or someone in your family being involved in an alcohol-related motor vehicle accident is more than just very likely, it is a virtual certainty. In fact, in a family of five, the chance that someone in the family will find themselves in an alcohol-related motor vehicle crash in their lifetime, is an astounding 200 percent. Imagine, a 200 percent chance that you or someone in your family will either cause, or be an innocent victim to, a drunk driving accident.

Ways to Learn Speak English

Ways to Learn Speak English We can speak English confident if we native language is another than English, because we live in a homogeneous country, where the diversity of races abound, thereby dialect, ways of thinking, living and acting, but in this country the universal language is English, spoken different accents, so if we aren’t native north American there are several ways to learn speak English, for example, the practicing, living with other people who speak native English, learn and study English sentences, and watching television.We can practice the language listening our favorite music in English, so we can hear a song several time, playing attention and repeating again and again singing the melody to memory, what matters is that you try to get the words, sing it loud and rhythm, on YouTube you can find your favorite song with lyrics in English, this will facilitate our pronunciation.When we live with native English speaks, we have the opportunity to repeat the word t hat we do not understand or find another way to explain what we want to communicate, this do not happen when we hear music, so we have the opportunity to enrich both our accent and our vocabulary finding synonyms o different words for same meaning, reproduce and repeating. Additionally, if we know different words we can make sentences.This will help that must practice with our friends native English speaking these phrases every day, so when we come to know many sentences almost that we could speak English fluently. Finally, we can learn speak English comfortably when we watch a favorite movie, so we Liliana2 have the opportunity to pay attention to intonation and return the movie and repeat a phrase or complete sentences, this is a wonderful idea, we can also choose some favorite series and try to listen understand and then, try to tell the story in our own words.In conclusion, the reliability in the English language is growing as it is practiced, in some schools use technological a dvances to develop the English language and it accent, but practice certainly plays an important fact in the development, so find our own technique in which we feel most comfortable and practice away.

Shadow of a Doubt

Plot consists of â€Å"everything visibly and audibly present† shown on the screen which Is also known as mils-en-scene (Borrowed & Thompson, 2010, p. 80). This includes Endicott materials, such as a series of shots that are presented outside the narration (e. G a flashback) and also music, that does not affect the characters in the film as they cannot hear or see them. What is the benefit of making a distinction between story and plot? The distinction between story and plot occurs because the plot consists only of explicitly presented events.Off-screen activity Is not a part of the film's plot – this content belongs to the story alone. From this we can see hat explicitly presented events are common to both the story and the plot. However, plot can present Endicott material such as images and sound, can further assist the viewer in developing an understanding of the plot and therefore the story. For example, in Shadow of a Doubt the repeated images of a dance scene set to the Merry Widows Waltz, is neither heard nor seen by the characters in the film.It is intellect. This distinction gives us the tools to analysis what the narrative is doing with time, specifically order (chronology, flashbacks, flash forwards), duration (length f time) and the frequency (how often event Is revisited In the plot). What Is the relationship between the story and the plot in this film? What does the difference between them tell us? How are order, duration and frequency used in the narrative to manipulate time? In Shadow off Doubt the events are organized in chronological order.The story begins in Philadelphia and then travels to Santa Rosa where it remains for the duration of the film. The opening scene puts the viewer In the middle of the action but deliberately keeps them In the dark about the Vat' and Why of the scene. Information presented in the plot is deliberate to give the audience enough information to guess the beginning of the story. Only the Endicott mate rial, the images of the dancers are presented to us out of sequence. These images may be a flashback to uncle Charlie's life or they may be purely Endicott.The viewer is never told If there is any physical connection with these and Uncle Charlie, however the viewer can conclude that from the evidence presented that this Is where the most recent murder took place. The duration of the film Is separated Into three segments; the story duration, the plot duration and the screen duration. The duration for the story and the plot in Shadow of a Doubt are quite different. The story takes place over several months or possibly several years. There are a range of inferred events which the viewer never witnesses.The murders of the wealthy widows occur earlier in the story, before we first meet uncle Charlie; however they incrimination of Uncle Charlie by his niece. Out of this week, only portions are shown to make up the total screen duration which lasts 108 minutes. 2. Opening and Closing Scene s What expectations are set up in the opening scene of this film? How is character established? Shadow of a doubt opens with the credits rolling over a ballroom scene which will play an important role throughout the film.The audience is brought into the story Just as a series of events is initiated, to create interest. The audience expectations are set from the opening scenes. Whilst relaxing, Uncle Charlie is informed that two men are looking for him. Proving to be quick witted he gives them the slip, before arranging to leave town. At this point the audience expects that Uncle Charlie might have been wrongly accused of a crime and is being chased by police. Uncle Charlie, as a character, creates a rather smooth enigma to which the audience is drawn, making them hesitant to incriminate him.So far his main goal appears to be escaping the two men. The reaction from young Charlie and her family to her uncle coming to visit is very positive, setting the expectation that this visit is g oing to be a wonderful break from the humdrum everyday life. How are characters established in the opening scene? This opening scene establishes Uncle Charlie as an inscrutable character. He first appears lying in a rather Drachma like position on his bed in what can be described as lower-class surroundings. The appearance and bearing rather out of place with his working-class setting.The miss-en-scene adds to his mysterious enigma, particularly the lighting, with the shadows from the windows resembling prison bars. The discarded notes scattered on the floor and nightstand carries certain contempt for money whilst his violent reaction to the news that he is being followed, raises the question that he may belong to the criminal underworld. Young Charlie is introduced lying on her bed in the same manner; however her settings could not be more different. The camera shots of her house and suburb, place her in an upper middle class setting.The lighting is brighter and the quaint girlishn ess of the room's dcord implies a young innocent girl, lost in the world of wishful thinking. Her posture is more open and thoughtful, with her mind being rather taken with the idea of idealistic world that Uncle Charlie would help create. Her thoughts seem to mirror Uncle Charlie's when she shows contempt for money. Looking at the closing scene, how have the elements established in the opening scene been transformed into a new or different situation?The development of the characters from the opening scene is cleverly played with Uncle Charlie's figure developing from mysterious business man into a full blown murdering sociopath. This darker side of him is triggered through the actions of Young Charlie who, through a series of events, finds out the truth about her beloved uncle. Throughout the movie we see less and less from Uncle Charlie's point of view, narrowing his knowledge of occurring events. His dangerous side edges closer to the surface as he loses control over his persona. As Young Charlie dissolves the enigma around her uncle she realizes that her idealistic roll does not exist, as everyone has a dark side including her. This said it is easy to see that young Charlie and Uncle Charlie are portrayed as total opposites. The closing scene is an expansion on this with Uncle Charlie and Young Charlie ironically transformation is exceptionally clear in young Charlie from a naive, idealistic girl to a more sensible intelligent woman. 3. Range and Depth of Information How does narration function in terms of range and depth of information in your film?The narration of this film is arranged so that the plot implies the events that occurred t the beginning of the story. The range of knowledge given is mainly restricted to young Charlie and what she sees, hears and feels. This is done to engage the audience and to ensure they care about her, so a bigger impact is created when something happens to her. Some times the audience knows something before young Charlie, for example when Uncle Charlie gives her an engraved ring, the dance scene follows, leading the viewer to infer that it belonged to one of the dancing ladies, possibly murdered by Uncle Charlie.The film also goes into the depths of the characters psychological states. We learn that young Charlie does not want the truth about her uncle to come out because of the effect it might have on her mother. Also Uncle Charlie's mental state is linked back to a childhood accident, and leaves that audience wondering if it was the reason that he is a sociopath. In general do you consider the plot to be withholding information for the sake of curiosity or surprise, or supplying information in such a way as to increase suspense (or, perhaps, both)?In Shadow of a Doubt the plot both withholds information for the sake of curiosity and supplies certain information to increase suspense. For example, when Uncle Charlie rips out a newspaper article we do not see what it is that he is trying to hide. It is not until Charlie goes to the library that it is revealed to be about the Merry Widow Murderer's latest victim. This drawn-out event maintains the curiosity of the viewer by withholding information. The plot also supplies information to create suspense. The audience sees Uncle Charlie turning on the motor and taking the key of the car.Then when he sends Young Charlie to the garage and locks her in, we see her struggle to turn of the motor before succumbing to the fumes, whilst in the souse Uncle Charlie is delaying the departure of the family. To increase suspense, we do not see what is happening to young Charlie until she is rescued. Where does the film sit in terms of the continuum between unrestricted and restricted narration? The style of the film leans more towards restricted narration. Before Uncle Charlie arrives in Santa Rosa we get a few shots into his previous activity but the scenes concentrate particularly on the family and in particular young Charlie.At this point th e audience knows a bit more about her uncle than she does. For example, we suspect that he possibly being chased by the police but we do not know what they are investigating. Later Uncle Charlie hides a newspaper story but we do not see what it was about until young Charlie, curious about his odd behavior, finds it. Thereafter, the narration is restricted to young Charlie, limiting the audience to what she finds out. An exception to this is the garage scene where we see Uncle Charlie starting the car and taking the key, making the audience aware of the trap to create suspense.Where does the depth of story information sit in terms of the continuum teen objectivity and subjectivity? Shadow of a Doubt uses subjectivity with great affect concerning the depth of story information supplied. One particular scene is where the camera slowly zooms in on Uncle Charlie's face during his rant about greedy widows. The camera is positioned from young Charlie's point of view so we point Young Charl ie interjects off screen, at which Uncle Charlie turns and speaks straight into the camera. Hitchcock purpose here was to engage the audience's minds and emotions to further draw them to the story.Uncle Charlie is treated with objectivity to create a more intense enigma. We do not find out why he feels hatred towards rich widows, nor do we experience anything from his point of view. This objectivity is to encourage the viewers to side with young Charlie. 4. Causality How does causality (cause and effect) operate in two or three other scenes (besides the Opening and Closing scenes discussed earlier) in your film? The transformation of Charlie as she realizes her uncle is a sociopath, is initiated from the moment the detective tells her that Uncle Charlie may be a murderer. One of young Charlie's raids is noticing things no one else does.She notes Uncle Charlie's hiding of the news story and also the engagement inside the ring. Seemingly insignificant at the time, the ring links throu gh a series of scenes to determine the finale out come of the movie. Young Charlie's transformation from naive child in to knowledgeable women directly affects the motive of the narrative. This change begins and ends with the detective, Jack, who first plants the seeds of suspicion in her mind. Thinking through earlier events young Charlie concludes that all is not right with her uncle, therefore tenting a chain of events in motion.She finds the newspaper article and links it to the engagement on her ring convincing her that Uncle Charlie is the murderer. This leads to her outburst at her uncle, who, realizing he has been discovered, takes back the ring. He then threatens and attempts to kill his niece to hide his secret. After his second failed attempt at killing young Charlie, she retrieves the ring. In a clever shot by Hitchcock, young Charlie enters down a staircase as her uncle is making a toast. He stops, taken aback and the camera tracks in on the ring on young Charlie's fing er. Shadow of a Doubt Plot consists of â€Å"everything visibly and audibly present† shown on the screen which Is also known as mils-en-scene (Borrowed & Thompson, 2010, p. 80). This includes Endicott materials, such as a series of shots that are presented outside the narration (e. G a flashback) and also music, that does not affect the characters in the film as they cannot hear or see them. What is the benefit of making a distinction between story and plot? The distinction between story and plot occurs because the plot consists only of explicitly presented events.Off-screen activity Is not a part of the film's plot – this content belongs to the story alone. From this we can see hat explicitly presented events are common to both the story and the plot. However, plot can present Endicott material such as images and sound, can further assist the viewer in developing an understanding of the plot and therefore the story. For example, in Shadow of a Doubt the repeated images of a dance scene set to the Merry Widows Waltz, is neither heard nor seen by the characters in the film.It is intellect. This distinction gives us the tools to analysis what the narrative is doing with time, specifically order (chronology, flashbacks, flash forwards), duration (length f time) and the frequency (how often event Is revisited In the plot). What Is the relationship between the story and the plot in this film? What does the difference between them tell us? How are order, duration and frequency used in the narrative to manipulate time? In Shadow off Doubt the events are organized in chronological order.The story begins in Philadelphia and then travels to Santa Rosa where it remains for the duration of the film. The opening scene puts the viewer In the middle of the action but deliberately keeps them In the dark about the Vat' and Why of the scene. Information presented in the plot is deliberate to give the audience enough information to guess the beginning of the story. Only the Endicott mate rial, the images of the dancers are presented to us out of sequence. These images may be a flashback to uncle Charlie's life or they may be purely Endicott.The viewer is never told If there is any physical connection with these and Uncle Charlie, however the viewer can conclude that from the evidence presented that this Is where the most recent murder took place. The duration of the film Is separated Into three segments; the story duration, the plot duration and the screen duration. The duration for the story and the plot in Shadow of a Doubt are quite different. The story takes place over several months or possibly several years. There are a range of inferred events which the viewer never witnesses.The murders of the wealthy widows occur earlier in the story, before we first meet uncle Charlie; however they incrimination of Uncle Charlie by his niece. Out of this week, only portions are shown to make up the total screen duration which lasts 108 minutes. 2. Opening and Closing Scene s What expectations are set up in the opening scene of this film? How is character established? Shadow of a doubt opens with the credits rolling over a ballroom scene which will play an important role throughout the film.The audience is brought into the story Just as a series of events is initiated, to create interest. The audience expectations are set from the opening scenes. Whilst relaxing, Uncle Charlie is informed that two men are looking for him. Proving to be quick witted he gives them the slip, before arranging to leave town. At this point the audience expects that Uncle Charlie might have been wrongly accused of a crime and is being chased by police. Uncle Charlie, as a character, creates a rather smooth enigma to which the audience is drawn, making them hesitant to incriminate him.So far his main goal appears to be escaping the two men. The reaction from young Charlie and her family to her uncle coming to visit is very positive, setting the expectation that this visit is g oing to be a wonderful break from the humdrum everyday life. How are characters established in the opening scene? This opening scene establishes Uncle Charlie as an inscrutable character. He first appears lying in a rather Drachma like position on his bed in what can be described as lower-class surroundings. The appearance and bearing rather out of place with his working-class setting.The miss-en-scene adds to his mysterious enigma, particularly the lighting, with the shadows from the windows resembling prison bars. The discarded notes scattered on the floor and nightstand carries certain contempt for money whilst his violent reaction to the news that he is being followed, raises the question that he may belong to the criminal underworld. Young Charlie is introduced lying on her bed in the same manner; however her settings could not be more different. The camera shots of her house and suburb, place her in an upper middle class setting.The lighting is brighter and the quaint girlishn ess of the room's dcord implies a young innocent girl, lost in the world of wishful thinking. Her posture is more open and thoughtful, with her mind being rather taken with the idea of idealistic world that Uncle Charlie would help create. Her thoughts seem to mirror Uncle Charlie's when she shows contempt for money. Looking at the closing scene, how have the elements established in the opening scene been transformed into a new or different situation?The development of the characters from the opening scene is cleverly played with Uncle Charlie's figure developing from mysterious business man into a full blown murdering sociopath. This darker side of him is triggered through the actions of Young Charlie who, through a series of events, finds out the truth about her beloved uncle. Throughout the movie we see less and less from Uncle Charlie's point of view, narrowing his knowledge of occurring events. His dangerous side edges closer to the surface as he loses control over his persona. As Young Charlie dissolves the enigma around her uncle she realizes that her idealistic roll does not exist, as everyone has a dark side including her. This said it is easy to see that young Charlie and Uncle Charlie are portrayed as total opposites. The closing scene is an expansion on this with Uncle Charlie and Young Charlie ironically transformation is exceptionally clear in young Charlie from a naive, idealistic girl to a more sensible intelligent woman. 3. Range and Depth of Information How does narration function in terms of range and depth of information in your film?The narration of this film is arranged so that the plot implies the events that occurred t the beginning of the story. The range of knowledge given is mainly restricted to young Charlie and what she sees, hears and feels. This is done to engage the audience and to ensure they care about her, so a bigger impact is created when something happens to her. Some times the audience knows something before young Charlie, for example when Uncle Charlie gives her an engraved ring, the dance scene follows, leading the viewer to infer that it belonged to one of the dancing ladies, possibly murdered by Uncle Charlie.The film also goes into the depths of the characters psychological states. We learn that young Charlie does not want the truth about her uncle to come out because of the effect it might have on her mother. Also Uncle Charlie's mental state is linked back to a childhood accident, and leaves that audience wondering if it was the reason that he is a sociopath. In general do you consider the plot to be withholding information for the sake of curiosity or surprise, or supplying information in such a way as to increase suspense (or, perhaps, both)?In Shadow of a Doubt the plot both withholds information for the sake of curiosity and supplies certain information to increase suspense. For example, when Uncle Charlie rips out a newspaper article we do not see what it is that he is trying to hide. It is not until Charlie goes to the library that it is revealed to be about the Merry Widow Murderer's latest victim. This drawn-out event maintains the curiosity of the viewer by withholding information. The plot also supplies information to create suspense. The audience sees Uncle Charlie turning on the motor and taking the key of the car.Then when he sends Young Charlie to the garage and locks her in, we see her struggle to turn of the motor before succumbing to the fumes, whilst in the souse Uncle Charlie is delaying the departure of the family. To increase suspense, we do not see what is happening to young Charlie until she is rescued. Where does the film sit in terms of the continuum between unrestricted and restricted narration? The style of the film leans more towards restricted narration. Before Uncle Charlie arrives in Santa Rosa we get a few shots into his previous activity but the scenes concentrate particularly on the family and in particular young Charlie.At this point th e audience knows a bit more about her uncle than she does. For example, we suspect that he possibly being chased by the police but we do not know what they are investigating. Later Uncle Charlie hides a newspaper story but we do not see what it was about until young Charlie, curious about his odd behavior, finds it. Thereafter, the narration is restricted to young Charlie, limiting the audience to what she finds out. An exception to this is the garage scene where we see Uncle Charlie starting the car and taking the key, making the audience aware of the trap to create suspense.Where does the depth of story information sit in terms of the continuum teen objectivity and subjectivity? Shadow of a Doubt uses subjectivity with great affect concerning the depth of story information supplied. One particular scene is where the camera slowly zooms in on Uncle Charlie's face during his rant about greedy widows. The camera is positioned from young Charlie's point of view so we point Young Charl ie interjects off screen, at which Uncle Charlie turns and speaks straight into the camera. Hitchcock purpose here was to engage the audience's minds and emotions to further draw them to the story.Uncle Charlie is treated with objectivity to create a more intense enigma. We do not find out why he feels hatred towards rich widows, nor do we experience anything from his point of view. This objectivity is to encourage the viewers to side with young Charlie. 4. Causality How does causality (cause and effect) operate in two or three other scenes (besides the Opening and Closing scenes discussed earlier) in your film? The transformation of Charlie as she realizes her uncle is a sociopath, is initiated from the moment the detective tells her that Uncle Charlie may be a murderer. One of young Charlie's raids is noticing things no one else does.She notes Uncle Charlie's hiding of the news story and also the engagement inside the ring. Seemingly insignificant at the time, the ring links throu gh a series of scenes to determine the finale out come of the movie. Young Charlie's transformation from naive child in to knowledgeable women directly affects the motive of the narrative. This change begins and ends with the detective, Jack, who first plants the seeds of suspicion in her mind. Thinking through earlier events young Charlie concludes that all is not right with her uncle, therefore tenting a chain of events in motion.She finds the newspaper article and links it to the engagement on her ring convincing her that Uncle Charlie is the murderer. This leads to her outburst at her uncle, who, realizing he has been discovered, takes back the ring. He then threatens and attempts to kill his niece to hide his secret. After his second failed attempt at killing young Charlie, she retrieves the ring. In a clever shot by Hitchcock, young Charlie enters down a staircase as her uncle is making a toast. He stops, taken aback and the camera tracks in on the ring on young Charlie's fing er.